Results Attained: The Death of Christ.

At this point, we need to pause and look back at the ground we have covered. We found evidence that led us to believe that Jesus of Nazareth gave a decisive new impulse to the religious life of humanity. In His own day, the human race seemed to be sinking toward ruin; through Him, it was turned onto a path of steady progress. So we set out to learn more about the teaching of so extraordinary a Teacher.

We have also found, from abundant and indisputable documentary evidence, that the great Apostle who founded the Churches of Europe did in fact teach the following: using language shaped by the Jewish thought of his own time, he taught that God receives into His favor all who believe the good news announced by Christ; that this salvation comes to them through Christ’s violent death; that Christ deliberately laid down His life for this purpose; and that the need for such a costly means of salvation lay in human sin. We found teaching equivalent to this attributed to Christ in four memoirs that have come down to us from the first century of the Christian Church, though the wording and ways of thinking in those memoirs are quite different from Paul’s. We found similar teaching in other documents from the same period as well. This agreement among witnesses, despite wide differences in form and detail, gave us complete proof that Paul had correctly understood and reproduced the teaching of Christ. It is also clear that Paul and the other writers of the New Testament accepted these doctrines with complete confidence, and that these doctrines shaped their whole way of thinking and living.

For Whom Did Christ Die?

In our discussion of Faith and Works, we noticed a passing statement from Paul in Rom. 2:4: "Do you not realize that God’s kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?" That statement suggests that God is working on all people with influences that lead toward salvation, influences that will actually save everyone who responds to them. We also found strong support for this idea in Jesus' words recorded in John 6. 44, 65. We have now seen from Paul that God gave Christ to die so that the justification of believers would be consistent with His own justice. This means that without the death of Christ, salvation — and therefore these divine influences leading toward salvation — would have been impossible. If that is true, then these influences, and the salvation that comes through them to all who believe the Gospel, were part of the purpose for which God gave His Son to die. In other words, the purpose of Christ's death included the entire human race.

There is much more teaching in the New Testament that confirms this universal purpose in the death of Christ.

Reconciliation to God

One of Paul’s most distinctive teachings about the death of Christ — something especially associated with him and logically flowing from what we have already seen — is the idea that Christ’s death brings about reconciliation to God. This theme shows up clearly in passages where Paul speaks of Christ’s death as restoring peace between God and humanity.

In Romans chapter 5, verse 1, Paul pulls together his earlier teaching — especially Romans chapter 3, verses 22–26 — and describes its outcome as “peace with God through Christ,” a peace that comes from “being justified by faith.” Later in that same chapter, verse 10 restates the argument of verse 9 by saying that believers have been “reconciled to God through the death of His Son,” treating this as another way of saying that they have been “justified in His blood.” Then, in verse 11, Paul adds, “through whom we have now received the reconciliation.”

Results Attained: Preliminary Issues & Justification by Faith

Let’s pause for a moment and take stock of what we’ve established so far.

Looking at the visible universe, we saw strong evidence pointing beyond it to an unseen, intelligent Creator and Ruler. And within human moral awareness, we found an expectation that all people will ultimately be repaid according to their actions. The uneven justice we observe in this life makes it clear that a final and complete reckoning must lie beyond death.

Universal Sin and Moral Ruin

In our last post on "Righteousness and Law", we saw that people across cultures share a deep sense of personal sin and a fearful awareness of punishment beyond death. Alongside this is another powerful experience: the feeling of being morally trapped. We sense what is right, we even approve of it — but something within us holds us back. It is like a chain we cannot break. When we look honestly at ourselves, we find this inner condemnation and bondage clearly present in our own hearts. And when we look outward, we see the same reality vividly reflected throughout human literature.

This same understanding of the human moral condition appears clearly in the letters of Paul. In Romans, Paul pauses his explanation of the Gospel to give a careful description of humanity’s condition apart from it — both Gentiles and Jews alike. In Romans 1:18–32, he explains that God made Himself known to the Gentiles through creation, so that they would have no excuse for their sin. Their moral collapse, he says, shows God’s righteous anger against them for turning away from that revelation and embracing idolatry instead.

The Foundational Principles of Paul's Gospel

When we look for freedom — from the consequences of past sin and from the moral struggles that still bind us — we are led beyond the ethical teachings of Christ we have already briefly examined. We now turn to another set of ideas found in Christ’s message and in the New Testament. These ideas are closely connected to moral teaching, yet clearly distinct from it. They are also strikingly unique within the broader history of religious thought, belonging in a special way to Christ and to those who followed Him.

Because we have no writings directly from Jesus Himself, the most reliable way to understand His teaching is to look at the letters written by the earliest Christian leaders. Among these, we can say with confidence which letters come from the hand of the most prominent early preacher of the Gospel. These writings place us face to face with a remarkable Christian who lived in the same generation as Christ. By studying them, we can attempt to reconstruct Paul’s understanding of both the Gospel and of Christ Himself.

The Christian Documents

Few figures in history have shaped human thought and life as deeply as Jesus of Nazareth. His influence on the spiritual life — and indirectly on the material well being of the world — is so vast that it naturally draws our closest attention. As we have already seen, what humanity most needs is a teacher who can lift the veil hiding the mysterious Source of the universe, of life, and of our moral sense — a teacher who can point the way to forgiveness and moral freedom. No one else even claims to do this. And no spiritual teacher can be meaningfully compared with the one who sparked the great spiritual movement that has shaped and elevated what is best in human life. For this reason, we search eagerly for every trustworthy source of information about the Founder of Christianity.

Because Christ lived many centuries ago, the only sources available to us are written documents. It is to these documents that we now turn.